Genes Coming of Age in A Separate Peace Essay -- Separate Peace Essay

Quality's Coming of Age in A Separate Peace   â â The tale, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, is the story about growing up of Gene Forrester. This tale is a flashback to the year 1943, when Gene is going to Devon School during his senior year and the late spring before it. Quality's childhood and naiveté make him sick furnished to manage circumstances that require development (Overview: A Separate Peace 2). Be that as it may, Gene is a supporter of Finny and along these lines picks up encounters that incite his advancement into adulthood. A portion of these encounters include: breaking Finny's leg, preparing for the 1944 Olympics, and murdering Finny. Through these three encounters Gene is compelled to develop out of his immature self and become a man.  Quality bumps an appendage of the tree he and Finny were remaining on, causing Finny to fall and break his leg. Quality's envy of Finny's flawlessness makes him have silly sentiments of disdain and contempt. After Finny's leg was broken, Gene understood that there never was and would never have been any contention between (Knowles 51) him and Finny. Quality took a gander at himself and got aware of what a horrendous, self-assimilated companion he had been. Understanding there was no opposition made him dispose of most of his sentiments of desire. Disposing of these emotions caused him to grow up in light of the fact that he was done spending incalculable hours accepting an immature game was being played among Finny and him. Quality started to see a greater amount of Finny's decency and love towards all, causing him to endeavor to be progressively similar to Finny.  When Finny trains Gene for the 1944 Olympics, Gene turns out to be progressively adult. Through Finny's training of Gene, Gene procures numerous qualities of the effectively grown-up Fi... ... period of Gene Forrester. Since Finny makes Gene grow up, we can understand that one must grow up to proceed onward throughout everyday life. In that procedure of growing up, a few people sway your life. This epic gives us how our personality is essentially made by the individuals who are available in our lives; anyway we should not gauge our capacities against someone else (Overview: A Separate Peace 2). We are indicated how the effect of one individual can have an extraordinary effect. The integrity in individuals is the thing that one ought to consistently detract from a relationship. This is appeared in the connection among Gene and Finny. The encounters Finny gives Gene cause him to grow up and improve as an individual as a result of them.  Sources Bryant, Hallman. A Separate Peace: the War Within. Boston: G.K. Lobby and Co, 1990. Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1961.  Â

Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gathering Analysis - Essay Example 2. I (Rose) composed the writing survey, clarified the hypothetical and notable points of view about the issue, decided holes in the current collection of writing and emphasized the reason for study. 3. Yusuf composed the technique segment alongside the examination structure and the different methods that were utilized for gathering the information. He likewise portrayed the subjects, sampled planning, depicted the instrumentation utilized and composed the methods of information examination. 4. Anita, the fourth colleague the finishes of the exploration, introduced real data, and examined the measurable and down to earth noteworthiness of examination with the assistance of outlines and tables. 5. Colleen, the fifth colleague the conversation segment. In this area, Colleen summed up the ends and offered clarification for the sudden discoveries of the exploration. She likewise expressed the research’s constraints and proposed design for additional examination in the subject. 6. Jean altered the entire report and made it sound like it was all the result of one psyche. The undertaking we finished can be isolated into four fundamental stages, to be specific conceptualizing, audit of essential and optional sources, information assortment and investigation, and report composing. The primary stage was the most basic one, however it devoured the least time. At the point when a group needs to execute a venture, the most significant thing is to have things finished with common agreement. We led an aptitude exhibition meeting in the absolute first gathering in which every single one of us determined what he/she felt alright with doing in the task. This was trailed by a democratic meeting. Kayla and Anita both were eager to finish the end segment of the paper, however Anita won a larger number of votes than Kayla, so Kayla needed to compose the early on divide. The errands talked about in the rundown above were relegated to the particular colleagues in the very meeti ng. When everyone was clear about what he/she would do in the venture, odds of contentions were limited. In the conceptualizing stage, everybody thought how he/she would approach doing his/her a player in the work. At that point we led writing audit to recognize holes in the writing and perceive how individuals have gotten things done previously. Writing audit was trailed by the information assortment and investigation stage. This was the most tedious and tedious piece of the activity. Going out in the field and making others save some time and fill the overviews for issue, they have no worry with is an intense activity! At last, the report composing stage came. In spite of the fact that it was no less tedious than the information assortment and investigation stage, yet things were very reasonable. We had the option to modify the report composing into our routinely exercises. We completed the work one day before the cutoff time and celebrated throughout the day to commend the fruiti on of undertaking. As I would like to think, bunch process is a phenomenal method of doing a task since it offers a few favorable circumstances when contrasted with singular work. To begin with, the pressure of work is discharged as companions get together constantly for work. Regularly, in an individual setting, one will in general sit around idly as there frequently is no motivation for accelerating. In a gathering procedure, when a few companions sit together and work, the fourth and fifth normally feel obliged to go along with them in the work. This guarantees everybody takes an interest in the work and the work is finished sooner. Furthermore, partners profit by one another’

Shelter of Dreams Review Essay Example

Sanctuary of Dreams Review Paper Paper on Shelter of Dreams Disparaged by pundits for its naivetã © and wistfulness, twenty-two years the creator of Shelter of Dreams pledged never to put pen to paper. The outcome was an extraordinary Remarque, and his first novel - . Prior to you You ought to never pass judgment on individuals for their composed words, phrases, books, at last Especially, don't pass judgment on a virtuoso Probably simply the substances of men solidified and amusing to see us between the lines naivetã © and nostalgia of the writer, it isn't obvious to us, however much as could be expected so cliché composing no different words pretty much no different love yet we have overlooked the virtuoso lies in straightforwardness The asylum of dreams is striking and contacting to the heart it is the effortlessness and explicitness. It is hard to find in crafted by the future by the war Remarque, with its bleeding, severe and now and again terrifying portrayals of the war-for what it's worth. Also, don't attempt to see There is nothing in this Here is a similar life, similar individuals in the frenzied pre-war time, in a significant time, individuals who are simply beginning grown-up existence with every one of its traps, who figure out how to cherish and pardon. We will compose a custom exposition test on Shelter of Dreams Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Shelter of Dreams Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Shelter of Dreams Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer that pardoning is one of the watchwords of this book. Pardoning because of extraordinary love is absolution . Sadly, the part we, common perusers and pundits emotional, everything appears to be wistful and gullible Unfortunately it is inconceivable not pervaded concerning the strength of Remarque and his relentlessness, since then satisfy it, at 22 years of age, the pledge would without a doubt denied of abstract virtuoso, and the world possibly shaken someones confidence in affection and pardoning ..

Business Plan for Mobile Phone Recycling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Field-tested strategy for Mobile Phone Recycling - Essay Example Expenses and Pricing Strategy 15 9. Money related Forecast 15 9.1 Sales and Cost Forecast 15 9.2 Cash Flow Forecast 17 9.3 Cost Table 17 9.4 Personnel Plan 18 Works refered to 19 Student Name: xxxxxx Subject: Management Topic: Business Plan for Mobile Phone Recycling 12 April, 2013 1. Official Summary ABC Recycle Company is a recently enrolled cell phones reusing association which expects to dispatch its cell phone reusing activities by setting up another plant in the region of London. The organization has the point of view to upgrade its zones of activities in couple of other two urban areas in United Kingdom during next three years. Alongside money related points, the significant target of ABC Recycle is to give the clients practical choices for the removal of their cell phone squander. The subsequent target is to keep the general public liberated from natural issues by arranging off misuse of cell phones. This advertising plan has been set up subsequent to breaking down different issues in regards to the cell phone reusing industry in United Kingdom. ... Because of reasonableness, cell phones are available all around and now have become the main specialized apparatus. Nonetheless, utilization of cell phone causes wellbeing perils because of the poisonous synthetics found on the cell phones and their embellishments. Utilization of cell phone likewise jeopardizes distinctive creature species known to mankind. This is on the grounds that the components utilized in covering cell phones are perilous to creatures and their environments. The issue of wellbeing and jeopardized species is tended to comprehensively by reusing the a great many cell phones found on the planet. The constant developing utilization of cell phones alongside the expanding awareness of overall population with respect to their reusing has featured the need and importance of reusing industry and in this manner numerous producers are resulting in these present circumstances section of the business. We will build up our new ABC Recycle Company in this division. 1.2 Busine ss Aims The fundamental tasks of ABC Recycle Company will be to gather the utilized or unserviceable cell phones from the market and afterward subsequent to reusing process, making new item for reuse. Our reused phones will meet the accompanying targets. (an) An attainable savvy substitute to the clients for retailing their cell phones (b) To moderate the effects of misuse of cell phone on the earth 1.3 Financial Summary After the underlying phase of buying vital hardware and gear, ABC Recycling Company will start its reusing activities and standard deals in May. As indicated by our monetary arrangement, the organization will contribute ?2,700,000 to buy one reusing line and one assembling line to set up the reusing plant and working capital. The three accomplices will additionally contribute ?1500,000 alongside ?800,000 long haul credits. We will likewise give

A person whom I admire

There are such a significant number of saints in this world, from animation legends to, possibly, your lifeline. In any case, I am going to discuss my companion. She passed on when we were 6; she was my closest companion and just individual I knew at that age. Her demise made me hopeless and some of the time thought of following her to be with her. However, I had my family backing and became to understand that there was nothing for me to do. Nobody revealed to me how and why she kicked the bucket I despite everything don't have a clue. She was in every case splendid and that is the reason it is all the more upsetting. Before I met her I didn't know anybody and anything. I just went to the nursery school and stayed there sitting idle and returned home. I didn't have any companions and I generally looked irate. I was modest and not chatty; everybody thought I was a washout and a monstrosity. I needed to move to another nursery since we were moving house. At the point when I previously went to the new nursery everybody was pleasant to me. I surmise that was on the grounds that they didn't have any acquaintance with me. In transit home I discovered that she was going out. We step by step became to know one another and in the long run we were closest companions. She was forward and that is the reason we associated. We were totally the inverse. Being with her constantly fulfilled me, she made me giggle and we had a fabulous time together. It was not long after that when she kicked the bucket. I recollect the day when the mishap occurred. It was toward the evening, I was simply having my lunch when the telephone rang. It was Saturday so I didn't need to go to the kindergarten. As I was completing my lunch my mum came in and sat close to me. Since I was youthful I didn't have the foggiest idea. She disclosed to me that my closest companion just kicked the bucket. I wouldn't trust her, since it didn't appear to be genuine. I saw her yesterday the day preceding and I was going to see her that night. It was so difficult to get over it; I was so stunned I was unable to try and cry. I didn't go to anyplace and sat on the couch staring at the TV throughout the day. Presently I think back I don't recollect what I was doing and what I was viewing. I was lost and couldn't discover the path back. We were approached to go to her memorial service however I didn't go. I turned out to be sick and undesirable. It was a year after that I woke up. I was really setting off to an appropriate school and I would not like to turn into my old self, no companions, known as a failure and particularly I would not like to be without anyone else. So I imagined, I claimed to be her. Everybody loved her and I needed to be enjoyed and have companions. I began another life. She wasn't in my new life however she was in me. It would have been exceptional in the event that she didn't kick the bucket yet on the off chance that she didn't I wouldn't have changed. It is so out of line and appalling that she passed on in light of the fact that she was adored by such a large number of individuals and she will be recalled by every one of the individuals who knew her. Her passing woke me up to the real world and made me into an individual and an individual who I am currently. I chose to expound on my closest companion since she was the individual who had the option to transform me into a totally extraordinary individual. I am appreciative that I met her and she was a major part of my life. I am over her demise and I miss her infrequently. I lean toward not to discuss her regularly on the grounds that it returns me to my old recollections which I would prefer to overlook.

The Struggles of Our Life

The Struggles of Our Life Once upon a time a daughter complained to her father that her life was miserable and that she didn’t know how she was going to make it. She was tired of fighting and struggling all the time. It seemed just as one problem was solved, another one soon followed.Her father, a chef, took her to the kitchen. He filled three pots with water and placed each on a high fire. Once the three pots began to boil, he placed potatoes in one pot, eggs in the second pot and ground coffee beans in the third pot. He then let them sit and boil without saying a word to his daughter. The daughter moaned and impatiently waited, wondering what he was doing. After twenty minutes he turned off the burners. He took the potatoes out of the pot and placed them in a bowl. He took the eggs out and placed them in a bowl. He then ladled the coffee out and placed it in a cup.Turning to her, he asked. “What do you see?” “Potatoes, eggs and coffee,” she hastily replied. “Look closer”, he said, “and touc h the potatoes.” She did and noted that they were soft.He then asked her to take an egg and break it. After pulling off the shell, she observed the hard-boiled egg.Finally, he asked her to sip the coffee. Its rich aroma brought a smile to her face.“Father, what does this mean?” she asked.He explained that the potatoes, the eggs and coffee beans had each faced the same adversity â€" the boiling water. However, each one reacted differently.The potato went in strong, hard and unrelenting, but in boiling water, it became soft and weak. The egg was fragile, with the thin outer shell protecting its liquid interior until it was put in the boiling water. Then the inside of the egg became hard. However, the ground coffee beans were unique. After they were exposed to the boiling water, they changed the water and created something new.“Which one are you?” he asked his daughter. “When adversity knocks on your door, how do you respond? Are you a potato, an egg, or a coffee bean?”Th e moral of the story:In life, things happen around us, and things happen to us. The only thing that truly matters is your choice of how you react to it and what you make of it. Learn, adapt and choose to make the best of each experience.

What is LHospitals Rule

LHospitals Rule is a method for finding the value of certain kinds of limits using derivatives. The rule is named after Guillaume de lHospital (or lHpital), which is a French name, pronounced low-pee-tal (NOT le Hoss-pih-tal). Guillaume de lHospital LHospitals Rule If f(x)/g(x) has the form 0/0 or / when x = a is plugged in, then: In other words, take the derivative of the numerator (top) and the derivative of the denominator (bottom), and then try computing the limit. Using LHospitals Rule In order to use lHospitals Rule, you must first check to see that your limit has the right form. First of all, it must be a fraction of two functions, f(x) / g(x) in order to apply the rule. Secondly and this is crucial! when you plug in the given x-value, the fraction must either evaluate to 0/0 or /. These are two types of indeterminate forms. If your limit problem is not in an indeterminate form, then you cant use this method directly. Examples Lets see how lHospitals Rule works in the following two examples. Example 1 After plugging in x = 0, we find the indeterminate form, 0/0. So lHospitals Rule can be used. Just take the derivative of the top and the derivative of the bottom. Afterwards, try plugging in the x value again. Example 2 LHospitals Rule works just as well in limits as x . Notice, the indeterminate form this time is /. But theres another interesting feature about this example. After using the rule once, the limit still has indeterminate form (/). Therefore, we can use the rule once again. In general, lHospitals Rule may be repeated as many times as necessary, as long as there is an indeterminate form at each stage. Functions that are not Fractions Sometimes a limit problem comes along that seems impossible to do. Standard algebraic techniques may not work. If the function had a fractional form, then we could use lHospital. But what if the function is not even a fraction? There are certain algebraic manipulations that can force an expression to be a fraction. When done correctly, lHospital may be used on the result. Forcing a Fraction Here is an example in which we change a product into a fraction using a standard algebraic trick. Example 3 This time we didnt start with a fraction. But if you rewrite x2 = 1/x -2 using negative exponents, then we can force the function to take the form of a fraction. Then use lHospitals Rule on the result. Conclusion When a limit problem involves a fraction of two functions, then try LHospitals Rule. Dont forget to check whether its an indeterminate form first. With this powerful tool in your toolbox, limits on the AP Calculus exams just got a whole lot easier!

Using Perl Chr() and Ord() Functions

The Perl programming languages  chr() and ord() functions are used to convert characters into their ASCII or Unicode values and vice versa. Chr() takes an ASCII or Unicode value and returns the equivalent character, and ord() performs the reverse operation by converting a character to its numeric  value.   Perl Chr() Function The chr() function returns the character represented by the number specified. For example: #!/usr/bin/perl print chr (33) print /n; print chr (36) print /n; print chr (46) print /n; When this code is executed, it produces this result: ! $ Note: The characters from 128 to 255  are by default not encoded as UTF-8 for backward compatibility reasons. Perls Ord() Function The ord() function does the opposite. It takes a character and converts it into its ASCII or Unicode numeric value. #!/usr/bin/perl print ord (A); print /n; print ord  (a); print /n; print ord  (B); print /n; When executed, this returns: 65 97 66 You can confirm the results are accurate  by checking an ASCII Code Lookup Table online. About Perl Perl was created in the mid-80s, so it was a mature programming language long before websites exploded in popularity. Perl  was originally designed for text processing, and it is compatible with HTML and other markup languages, so it quickly became popular with website developers. Perls strength lies in its ability to interact with its environment and its cross-platform compatibility. It can easily open and manipulate many files within the same program.

Diversity in the Workplace and the Opposites of the Advantages Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Human resource management is a complex task and diversity makes it even more complex (Nelarine, 2002). As this study will explain, there are various ethical and legal issues that are tied to human resources management. The study mainly focuses on the hospitality industry as both a reference point and a special object of study. Further, a case study on Cityside Financial Services has been conducted to derive a real-life experience on ethical and legal issues in talent management. Diversity in the workplace means the presence of differences of characters that for the staff (Nelarine, 2002). There are various advantages of these differences both at a personal level and at the institutional level. Some of the major advantages are as follows: Diversity promotes flexibility, in an organization s part, in undertakings such as marketing and innovation (Nelarine, 2002). For example, having people with different levels of experience and from different disciplines provides options when the org anization requires representation beyond its market boundaries and/or introduction of a new procedure (Nelarine, 2002). Similarly, a delegation of different problems and consultations are made internally and therefore the company becomes self-sustaining. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in the Workplace and the Opposites of the Advantages or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The resource management definitely seeks to derive a workforce that solves various solutions and seals every problematic loophole. Similarly, the overall performance of the management depends on the kind of workforce developed.

Social and Political Aspects in Kipling and Dickens...

Social and Political Aspects in Kipling and Dickens Writing Styles The Victorian period started from 1830 to 1901, and it was known for various aspects. These aspects are distributed between authors and writers of this era. The Victorian period is so called due to Queen Victoria who ruled Britain successfully, and the city of London expanded from about two million people to six and a half at the time of her death. Charles Dickens and Rudyard Kipling are representatives of Victorian literature; each of them is concerned with specific social and political issues of that era, and these issues are shown in their stories. Charles Dickens story is â€Å"Great Expectations† and Rudyard Kipling’s story â€Å"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi†. Charles†¦show more content†¦As is known, children at that time were made to work and they were forced into workhouses because their living status was low. This is what we can call â€Å"child abuse†. Charles Dickens’ story deals mostly with humans in the British culture. Rudyard Kipling’s story deals with animals which are used figuratively and that is, to represent the people of India at that time of the Victorian period. These animals respect their masters and respond to their demands especially that they sacrifice themselves for white people. So in â€Å"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi† Rikki saves the family members’ lives by killing the snake. Social aspects in Britain lead children to steal and be criminals in order to live and satisfy their desires. Besides that, there was no education. That’s why children were not taught manners or even learned how to respect. As for Pip he was forced to steal food for the convict, to submit to his demands. Otherwise he would get something he does not like, and therefore once a child gets into a life of crime it is hard for him to get out of the cycle. But Kipling’s story is different, it represents India as foreign society for Teddy, who he can not cope with, and at the same time he tries to control Rikki and put him under hisShow MoreRelatedVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesINTRODUCTION Many associate the word â€Å"Victorian† with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of â€Å"manners† does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of society was affected by rapid and unforeseeable changes.  As some writers greeted them with fear and others embraced the progress, this

The Culturally Proficient Professional An Observation Of...

The Culturally Proficient Professional: An Observation of a Leader in the Workplace Leader: Principal in a MS District Description of the Work Environment: This is a leader of a particular school in the Jackson Public School District. The leader came to the school when it was considered† minimum† but the district was failing. The faculty consisted of mostly Christians; however, there was one Panamanian female who was catholic and taught Spanish. The rest of the faculty consisted of mostly of African -Americans Christians and a few Caucasians Christians. The faculty contained mostly women with 15 men included and about 40% had less than five years of experience. The majority of the students are African-Americans. There were a significantly small number of Hispanic students and their parents were bilingual. Assess Culture The leader is an African American female from Jackson, Mississippi. She was born and raised in the city of Jackson and received her educational degrees from a Mississippi Institution. She stayed in the area of Jackson to continue to motivate and build a stronger school district. This professional was very aware of her own culture because she expressed it in a multitude of ways. She was very active in the church; she attends as well as the community. She held various after school activities that involved all of the community to attend like PTA meetings, Pep Rallies, School Picnics, Parties, Prayers meetings, etc†¦ She also likes to involve her staff toShow MoreRelatedCross-Cultural Training and Pre-Departure Training Essay2261 Words   |  10 Pagescross-cultural is very relevant to ensuring organizations success in this recession driven economy. In order for organizations to grow they must be able to adapt to the countries which hold the world’s purse stri ngs. For human resources managers to be proficient in the role of a global human resources manager, it would be better to learn early in a career. The knowledge of being flexible in the position of a human resources manager is essential in establishing a global company’s rules, regulations, andRead MoreEssay on Hispanic Struggles in American Schools3861 Words   |  16 Pagesensuring that all students achieve mastery in reading and math. It is imperative that schools understand the challenges Hispanics face in order to meet their needs. Keywords: dual language learners, English language learners, limited-English proficient students Challenges Faced by Hispanic Youth in American Schools and Schools Responsibilities to Addressing Identified Needs The Hispanic population continues to grow and exceed other races and nationalities of people in the United StatesRead MoreWhat Is Leadership Research Paper1797 Words   |  8 Pagesdemocracy is bounded by the constitution. Leaders impacts a social influence in which one person can rejoin the scullion and sponsorship of others in the accomplishment of a specific duty. Who makes a good leader; someone who is feared or loved? Research concludes leader ship and the trait theory that leads a commander to have authority over society or a social issue. The act of intimidation from fear leaders makes society compile to obedience. Good leaders imply their code of ethics when facing aRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5213 Words   |  21 PagesOverview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the module for more in-depth treatment of the foundations of qualitative research. This module covers the following topics:Read MoreQualitative Research Methods5198 Words   |  21 PagesM I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the module for more in-depth treatment of the foundations of qualitative research. This module covers the following topics:Read MoreHow The Unprofessional Practice Affects Patient Care And Nurses Professional Image2063 Words   |  9 Pagesoverwhelmingly complicated. Professional nursing is a fundamental component of health care, as patients and families view nurses as the foremost caring and trusted member of the multidisciplinary team (Van Wagoner, 2016). Unprofessional practice creates a threat to patient safety and can impact of patients feeling unsafe physiologically, psychologically and culturally (Disruptive and unprofessional behavior, 2014). This paper will firstly analyse the video â€Å"Crossing Professional Boundaries as a RegisteredRead MoreEnglish Language Learners7210 Words   |  29 Pageswhere another language was primarily spoken at home. These students, who may not speak English at all or, at least, do not speak, understand, and write English with the same facility as their classmates, are commonly referred to as limited English proficient (LEP) or English language learner (ELL) students. If, in the past, you taught only native English-speaking students but now have some ELL students in your classroom, then you have joined a growing number of teachers who can no longer take forRead MoreDual Language4991 Words   |  20 PagesLanguage Guadalupe Silva Lakeland College Table of Contents Abstract 2 Features of Dual Language Education Programs 4 Assessment and Accountability 6 Curriculum 6 Instruction 7 Staff Quality 10 Professional Development 12 Program Structure 14 Family and Community 16 Support and Resources 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Abstract What is Dual language? Dual language is a form of bilingual educationRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pagesfor Hospitals Introduction TABLE 1: Joint Commission Efforts—Past and Present 2003 In2003,TheJointCommissionconductedagapanalysisofitsaccreditationstandardsincomparisontotheOffice ofMinorityHealth’sNational Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)[10].The resultsindicatedthatalthoughthereweremanyJointCommissionstandardsthataddressedtheissueshighlighted intheCLASstandards,therequirementswerelessprescriptive.CurrentJointCommissionstandardscanbefoundRead MoreHigh School Student Essay20272 Words   |  82 PagesStudents Chapter 4 Changes in American Society: Their Influences on Today’s Schools ISBN: 0-536-29980-3 Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Second Edition, by Donald Kauchak and Paul Eggen Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 0-536-29980-3 Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Second Edition, by Donald Kauchak and Paul Eggen Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learner

Cells Study Guide Biology Free Essays

Soon of existing cells. Janet Plow demonstrated that the cell membrane is a physical structure, not an interface between two liquids. Lynn Amaryllis proposed the idea that certain organelles were once free living themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Cells Study Guide Biology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells. 2 Types of Cells: Eukaryote are cells that contain nuclei. They contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. Prokaryote are cells that do not contain nuclei. They have genetic material the at is not contained in a nucleus. Section: An organelle is a specialized structure that performs important cellular function eons within an eukaryotic cell. A plant cell has a cell wall and a cell membrane while a animal cell has just a c ell membrane. Organelles: Nucleus: Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA with it the coded instructions for making proteins other important molecules. (Both) Ribosome: small particles of RNA proteins found throughout the cytoplasm m. Proteins are assembled on ribosome. Both) Endoplasmic Reticulum: internal membrane system, the site where lipid come moments of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are e exported from the cell. (Both) Googol apparatus modifies, sorts and packages proteins other materials from the ERE for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. (Both) Lissome: small organelles filled with enzymes. Breaks down lipids, carboy drapes proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Also involved in b reeking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness. A) Vacuoles: sickle structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates. (P) Mitochondria: organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Enclosed by two membranes (outer and inner) (Both) Chloroplasts: organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it I onto chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. (Plant) Cytoplasm: portion of the cell outside the nucleus. (Both) Cytokines: network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytokines is also involved in movement. The two principal protein filament s that make up the cytokines are nonconformists and microbes. (Both) Centurion: One out of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal CE ASS near the nuclear envelope. (A) Cell Membrane: Regulates what enters leaves the cell also provides proto action support. (Both) Cell Wall: provides support and protection for the cell. (P) Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. The y both contain their own genetic info in the form of small DNA molecules. How to cite Cells Study Guide Biology, Papers

Business Economics Perfect Market Structure

Question: Discuss about the Business Economics for Perfect Market Structure. Answer: 1. The companies invest on the product differentiation with the expectation of improving the quality and minimizing product cost. It is difficult for a company to remain in the competition without involvement in the product differentiation activities. Generally, the reason behind an appropriate expenditure on product differentiation is to enhance the market share and achieve the economic growth. Along with this, the purpose of this is also discovering the new materials and manufacturing techniques that bring down costs. The use of a new technology in the product directly leads to reduce the cost of the production and it also improves the profit of the firm (Christopher, 2016). Research and development (RD) process is an important aspect in the product differentiation process. In this, it does not matter that the firm is related to which market structure. The term product differentiation is related to the marketing of the product that represents the differences between different products. Differentiation process makes a product more attractive through the focusing on its unique qualities. A successful product differentiation provides a competitive advantage to the firms with a high customer base. It also allows the company to leads in the market with high price. For example, a chocolate business may differentiate its products from other brands in terms of test and quality (Estampe, et al., 2013). But, a car manufacturer may differentiate its products with focusing on cost saving and fuel efficient. A perfect market structure focuses the differentiation strategy through the improvement in the quality and designs of the product that enables to achieve competitive advantage in the market without reducing its price. In the perfect competition, it is possible that differentiation strategy may imitate by the competitor because, it includes a large number of the supplier in the market (Bustinza, et al., 2013). Along with this, the business is uncertain and dynamic activity. One product does not run for a long period. After some time, the latest model takes the place of them. In the perfect market competition, the once-off expenditure on product differentiation is significant in term of the achieving economic profit in the future. The situation of the profit can be seen only in the short run. It is because, after the sometimes, the differentiation strategy is adopted by the competitors and the opportunities of the profit are divided to all (Hines, 2014). In economic term, the successful product differentiation process is inconsistent with the situation of the market. It demands of the product remains according to the latest feature in the products. On the other hand, in the monopoly market structure, product differentiation strategy provides the guarantee of the economic profit in the future. In this, the degree of the competition is very low. So that, chances of product imitate remain minimum. In the monopoly market, there is only one supplier of the particular product and the firm can also be called industry. In this, once-off expenditure on the product differentiation is required a lot of money but along with this, it provides an expectation of the high profit in the future (Baldwin and Scott, 2013). The demand for the product remains high due to the quality of the product is rare. Due to this, in the monopoly market, the supplier has full control on the price, which directly benefit can be seen as good profit in the future (Carraro, et al., 2013). In the context of the oligopoly market structure, a few suppliers are presented in the market for a particular product. In this market structure, once-off expenditure on product differentiation affects the whole the completion in the market. It provides benefits in the monetary terms. Due to a few competitors in the market, the action of a firms product differentiation activities affects the others (Kumar and Siddharthan, 2013). The customer expectation changes with the time moving that companies cannot ignore. A firms obligation is that complete the customer expectation. That is why; companies take the action of the product differentiation to make the better product. It also enables the company to find a way of saving the cost of the production. Once off investment on the production differentiation provides the guarantee in the economic profit in the future but, it is not in the long term because, it is certain that the demand for the particular product always remained nil after som e time (Chung, et al., 2013). Product differentiation is a significant feature of the monopolistic market structure. It ensures both the customer and firm that product is different from another competitors product in the market. It provides better margin opportunities to the firms. A better quality product always offers high-profit margin opportunities compared to low quality and pricing strategy (Shao, 2015). But in this, it is essential that the potential customer should able to pay high amount against to better quality. A good margin makes easy to cover the total cost of the product for the manufacture. Along with this, once-off expenditure on the product differentiation is able to sustain the demand of the product in the market. It is because; the continuous development and appropriate price are able to retain the customers. The product differentiation strategy is better than to reduce the price of the product for attracting the customer because the low price includes the risk of creating the price orientatio n and reducing the goodwill of the product (Davcik and Sharma, 2015). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is difficult to judge and analysis the flow of customer expectation in the market but customer expectation can be fulfilled through the product differentiation strategy. It provides opportunities to retain potential customers with the new customers. It is also able to reduce the cost of the production with the development of new techniques and material in the production. It benefit can be seen as profit maximization of the firm. But at the same time, dynamic activities in the business environment affect the demand for every product after some time (Ahlin and Ahlin, 2013). Hence, it can be said that once-off expenditure on the product differentiation provides the guarantee of the economic profit in the future but not for a long time. 2. In labor market structure, employment and wages vary across countries. Decentralized labor markets are set in countries where flexible wages can be noticed such as the United Kingdom, United States. However, Germany, France, and Italy have inflexible wages which put centralized labor markets for these countries (Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni, 2016). Wage rates for individuals may differ across occupations and industries and within occupations and industries due to various factors namely industrial geographic location, size, unionization, and ownership such as private or government own company. Market imperfection also results in wage differentiation. Along with the knowledge and skills of the employee, performance, and passion is to be considered for setting wages. Single occupational wages can also be dissimilar. As illustrated, earning of 10 percent computer programmers was $17.19 per hour or less in 2004, while total earning was noted $42.07 per hour or more for top 10 percent computer programmers (Ehrenberg, and Smith, 2016). A person who has many years of experience is seen as good, high productivity and skill level of an employee. Experienced and in-demand skill workers earn more in comparison to the lack of experience and skill worker in a similar occupation. Inter-firm differentials include workers different wages in the same area as well as occupation. Some of the factors like labor employed quality differences by different firms, labor market imperfections and equipment efficiency differences and supervision results in wage differences among inter-firm (Holley, Ross, and Wolters, 2016). Technological advancement differences, financial capacity of the firm along with its size and raw material availability, managerial efficiency, transport and power facilities also results in wage differences among firms. Moreover, some of the occupations or employers pay high as compared to other due to differences in educational and training requirements, professional degree, and a certificate is defined as the human capital of the firm. Because education and training limit the labor supply which results in a time-consuming process in order to have accomplished and necessitate skill at a certain level (Forssbaeck, and Oxelheim, 2014). Additionally, regional differences refer to the different working condition of workers in similar occupation at the different geographical region. For instance, employees of central government involved in distributed and remote areas of North Eastern States of India are benefited by Remote Area Allowance as additional remuneration. This wage differential is used as a strategy to serve in particular regions as to attract people (Mann, 2012). Inter-Industry differences refer as working of workers in the similar occupation in the same area with industries differences. The unstable requirement of skill, unionization level, product market nature, industrys development stage and the ability of payment results in these differences. Determining the worker's demand for particular services and product is one of the factors that differentiate wage rates. For example, if highly desirable services are provided by a worker then one will be paid higher as compared to low service providers (De Grauwe, 2016). Sometimes, skills and ability significantly affect wage potential of an individual. For instance, one who is producing best music is preferred more than one who is producing average music. Personal wage differences arise due to various characteristics of a person in the same occupation. Many times, in spite provision of equal pay for equal work, women are paid lesser as compared to men. Employer or industry is another factor responsible for workers wage differences. In addition to this, dominance in market, employer success, business culture, and customers are all some of the cause which influences willing pay power towards its employees (Cosar, Guner, and Tybout, 2016). A less income is paid to commercial wealth manager in comparison of wealth manager working with the organization that only focuses on customers of high net worth. Job performance and success of a person may also responsible for wage differentiation (high or low) in the occupation. As illustrated, successful salesperson of a company can earn $1, 50,000 yearly as compared with a less successful salesperson who only earn $95,000. Besides this, trade unions and their shared bargaining power greatly offset the employer power in an organization to set a desired and markup wages for the employees in comparison to the non-union members (Asplund, 2013). Government intervention includes economic stability, allocation of resources, monopolies regulation, income and wealth distribution, monopolies and oligopolies regulation, and externalities. Government intervention influences greater equality to improve opportunity and outcomes equality in redistribution of wealth as well as income within the society which seems to be fairer for all (Hirsch, Kaufman, and Zelenska, 2015). Intervention can result in the promotion of competition along with monopolies regulations. The growth of monopoly power cannot be seen without government intervention for an economy. Governments intervene can have a combination of social welfare maximization, macro, and social economic factors. If there is no regulation, negative externalities can be practiced by a business which will result in minimized trade, limited innovation, and diminished resources. At the time of inflation, and recession government intervenes by money supply manipulation helps to minimize the impact of economic forces (De Grauwe, 2016). Additionally, employment law for protecting public and to ensure issues related to health for the customers are socio-economic factors taken care by the government. Also, various macroeconomic interventions are implemented to reduce unemployment and recession from the country. Inherited wealth can be practiced by the help of wealth tax as this will help to reduce richest wealth and revenue and will contribute in educating poor people of society which results in positive externality (Moscarini, and Postel-Vinay, 2016). Government intervene takes place in the form of taxation and money to negate the dangerous effects of negative externality in the society. This is for those people who do not bear the full cost in an economical transaction. Large-scale endeavors are anticipated by a government to ensure cost reduction and economies of scale (Ehrenberg, and Smith, 2016). Also, it ensures that development of projects will not result in damaging social costs such as pollution and monopoly for the society. References Ahlin, C. and Ahlin, P.D. (2013). Product differentiation under congestion: Hotelling was right. Economic Inquiry, 51(3), 1750-1763. Asplund, R. (2013). Human Capital Creation in an Economic Perspective. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Baldwin, W. and Scott, J. (2013). Market structure and technological change. UK: Taylor Francis. Bustinza, F., O., Parry, C. and Vendrell-Herrero, F. (2013). Supply and demand chain management: The effect of adding services to product offerings. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18(6), 618-629. Carraro, C., Katsoulacos, Y. and Xepapadeas, A. eds. (2013). Environmental policy and market structure. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. UK: Pearson Higher Ed. Chung, H.L., Lin, Y.S. and Hu, J.L. (2013). Bundling strategy and product differentiation. Journal of Economics, 108(3), 207-229. Cosar, A. K., Guner, N., and Tybout, J. (2016). Firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions in an open economy.The American Economic Review,106(3), 625-663. Davcik, N.S. and Sharma, P. (2015). Impact of product differentiation, marketing investments and brand equity on pricing strategies: A brand level investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 49(6), 760-781. De Grauwe, P. (2016).Economics of monetary union. UK: Oxford university press. Ehrenberg, R. G., and Smith, R. S. (2016).Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. UK: Routledge. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S. (2013). A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models. International Journal of Production Economics, 142(2), 247-258. Forssbaeck, J., and Oxelheim, L. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Economic and Institutional Transparency. UK: Oxford University Press. Hines, T. (2014). Supply chain strategies: demand driven and customer focused. Routledge. Hirsch, B. T., Kaufman, B. E., and Zelenska, T. (2015). Minimum wage channels of adjustment.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,54(2), 199-239. Holley, W., Ross, W., and Wolters, R. (2016). The Labor Relations Process. USA: Cengage Learning. Jorgenson, D., Gollop, F. M., and Fraumeni, B. (2016).Productivity and US economic growth. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kumar, N. and Siddharthan, N.S. (2013). Technology, Market Structure and Internationalization: Issues and Policies for Developing Countries. UK: Routledge. Mann, G. (2012). Our Daily Bread: Wages, Workers, and the Political Economy of the American West. USA: UNC Press Books. Moscarini, G., and Postel-Vinay, F. (2016). Wage posting and business cycles: A quantitative exploration.Review of Economic Dynamics,19, 135-160. Shao, X.F. (2015). Product differentiation design under sequential consumer choice process. International Journal of Production Research, 53(8), 2342-2364.

Implementing Organizational Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Implementing Organizational Project Management. Answer: Introduction: Continuous improvement is striving to improve services or products according to the set standards. It is essential for many businesses because it enhances customer focus, quality service delivery and recognition by both internal and external customers. Companies can achieve quality life by increasing productivity, minimizing defects as well as effecting technology in their businesses. In my workplace, I was trained to work in a range of positions. The objective of this was to step in any department in case one of the employees was unavailable for work. This was essential as it helped reduce production slowdown. Quality is the standard of something, especially when compared to other something else or a set standard. A given set standard is used to measure quality between two items. Continuous improvement plays a crucial part in quality as it enhances the achievement of high standards of goods and services (Implementing organizational project management, 2014). This, in turn, improves the quality of the goods and services. The quality movement started back in the period of medieval Europe. It was characterized by craftsmen organizing themselves into guilds especially in the late 13th century. At the time, the factory system started emphasizing on the inspection of production products. Later in the 20th century, manufacturers started to include the quality processes and practices in everything that was manufactured (Kerzner, 2009). The quality of life can be achieved by being satisfied with whatever I do and working hard to ensure I produce only the best results. In addition, it can be achieved through succeeding in various important milestones. There are two processes that can be conducted in an organization to ensure quality; quality control where the finished goods are checked to see whether they meet a set standard and quality assurance where quality is introduced into the production process (Kerzner, 2009). At every step in the production process, each product is checked to ensure that it meets the quality standard set. References Implementing organizational project management. (2014) (1st ed.). Kerzner., H. (2009). Project management set (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons.

The Fatal circumstances Review Essay Example

The Fatal circumstances Review Paper Essay on The Fatal circumstances Book Time of action in 1881, the novel begins with the assassination of Alexander 2 and goes on to describe the most important events of the year the execution of the People, Dostoevskys funeral, etc., but apart from the first episode to the characters and plot of the book all this has nothing to do and It looks like alien impregnation, as well as the heroes of Dostoevsky Raskolnikov, Svidrigailov, etc. derived in this book as vtorosterennyh characters, but no part, but to show the reader that the author Dostoevsky read in the story not prinimayuschimi.Avtor very loosely refers to as the history, considering it something like a compote of newspaper chronicles and anecdotes, as well as with characters Dostoevskogo.Nu oh well, its a detective and intrigue at least be at the level but no, after presentation of all the facts at the beginning of the book, guess what happened is not difficult, and even track the performance of acute mind of the investigator is not possible, due to P ln ogo lack takovogo.Ves Gursky novel is mainly engaged in arguments about abstract topics, from which much giving platitudes and self-satisfaction, rather than logic, and in the disclosure of the crime he helps sluchaynyyh chain of events, but not their own sposobnosti.Avtor tries to imitate the literary style of the time but written more like a clerical rather than a literary genre stil.Knigu properly be attributed not to the detective, and a tabloid novel. Although one unsolved mystery after reading still remains tsya- annotation author called the acknowledged master of action-genre Referring same fateful circumstances forced him to write it frankly weak work? We will write a custom essay sample on The Fatal circumstances Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fatal circumstances Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fatal circumstances Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Pi Day Activities for the Classroom

Pi Day Activities for the Classroom Everyone loves pie, but we also love Pi. Used to calculate the width of a circle, Pi is an infinitely-long number derived from complex mathematical computations. Most of us remember that Pi is close to 3.14, but many others pride themselves on remembering the first 39 digits, which is how many you need to properly calculate the spherical volume of the universe. The numbers rise to stardom seems to have come from its challenge to memorize those 39 digits, as well as the fact that is has what many of us can agree might be the best homonym, pie. Pi enthusiasts have come to embrace March 14 as Pi Day, 3.14, a unique holiday which has launched numerous educational (not to mention delicious) ways to celebrate. Some of math teachers at Milken Community Schools in Los Angeles helped me assemble a list of some of the most popular (and yummy) ways to celebrate Pi Day. Check out our list of ideas for Pi Day Activities for you to do at home or in the classroom. Pi Plates Memorizing 39 digits of Pi can be quite the challenge, and a great way to get students thinking about those numbers can be to use Pi Plates. Using paper plates, write one digit on each plate and pass them out to students. As a group, they can work together and try to get all the numbers into the right order. For younger students, teachers may wish to only use 10 digits of Pi to make the activity a little easier. Make sure you have some painter’s tape for adhering them to wall without damaging the paint, or you can line them up in the hallway. You can even turn this into a competition between classes or grades, by asking each teacher to time her students to see how long it takes for them to get all 39 digits in the right order. What does the winner get? A pie, of course. Pi-Loop Chains Pull out the arts and crafts supplies, because this activity requires scissors, tape or glue, and construction paper. Using a different color for each digit of Pi, students can create a paper chain to use to decorate the classroom. See how many digits your class can calculate! Pi Pie This may be one of the most beloved ways to celebrate Pi Day. Baking a pie and using the dough to spell out the 39 digits of Pi as part of the crust has quickly become a tradition at many schools. At Milken School, some of the Upper School math teachers definitely enjoy having students bring in pies to celebrate, also hosting a small party which might include some special logic puzzles to kick off the class. Pizza Pi Not everyone has a sweet tooth, so another yummy way to celebrate Pi Day is with a different type of pie, a pizza pie! If your classroom has a kitchen (or access to one) students can calculate Pi for all the circular ingredients, including the pizza dough, pepperonis, olives, and even the pizza pan itself. To top it off, students can write out the symbol for pie using their circular pizza toppings.   Pi Trivia or Scavenger Hunt Set up a trivia game that asks students to compete against each other to correctly answer questions about Pi mathematicians, the history of Pi, and the uses of the famous number in the world around them: nature, art, and even architecture. Younger students might engage in a similar activity that focuses on the history of Pi by taking part in a scavenger hunt around school to find clues to these same trivia questions. Pi Philanthropy Math classes might want to celebrate Pi Day with a more philanthropic approach. According to one teacher at Milken, there are several ideas that a classroom might consider. Baking Pi Pies and selling them at a bake sale to benefit a local charity, or donating Pi Pies to a local food bank or homeless shelter can be a sweet treat for those in need. Students can also hold a food drive challenge, aiming to gather 314 cans of food for each grade level. Bonus points if you can convince your teacher or principal to reward students for reaching that goal by agreeing to receive a whipped cream pie to the face! Simon Says Pi This is a great little game for learning and memorizing the various digits of Pi. You can do this one student at a time in front of the whole class or in groups as a way to challenge each other to remember the digits of Pi and see who gets the farthest. Whether you’re doing one student at a time or breaking off into pairs, the person acting as â€Å"Simon† in this activity will have the number printed out on a card in hand, to ensure that the correct digits are being repeated, and will read out the digits, starting with 3.14. The second player will repeat those digits. Each time â€Å"Simon† adds a number, the second player must remember and repeat all the digits that were read aloud to them. The back and forth play continues until the second player makes a mistake. See who can remember the most! As an added bonus, make this an annual activity and you can create a  special  Pi Hall of Fame to honor the student who remembers the most digits each year. One school in Elmira, New York, Notre Dame High School, reportedly had one student remember 401 digits! Incredible! Some schools even suggest having different levels to honor how far students can go when it comes to memorization, with named groups to honor students who can remember 10-25 numbers, 26-50 numbers, and over 50 numbers. But if your students are recalling over 400 digits, you may need more levels than just three! Pi Attire Don’t forget to get all decked out in your very best Pi attire. Pi-tire, if you will. Teachers have long amused their students with math-themed shirts, Pi ties, and more. Bonus points if the entire math department participates! Students can get into the mathematical magic and don their own Pi digits as part of their outfits. Math Names One teacher at Milken shared this Pi-tastic tid-bit with me: â€Å"My second child was born on Pi Day, and I made his middle name be Matthew (aka, MATHew).†

An Investigation into the issue of human trafficking, the factors that Essay

An Investigation into the issue of human trafficking, the factors that promote it and the obstacles in preventing this evolving - Essay Example Although human trafficking has been present for a very long time, it has increased a lot in the last quarter of the 20th century due to a number of reasons, the main being the increased number of refugees due to many civil wars, increased poverty due to global crises and natural disasters, and the increased emphasis on sexuality in the media. Human trafficking is not just an issue that can be taken lightly. It does not just lead to the exploitation of human beings through the development of the sex industry and forced labor, but also results in other illicit activities. Often, the money from the illicit profits is used for the growth and expansion of drugs or illegal weapons related businesses. This kind of a business again requires some form of exploitation of children and women, and sometimes even men. So a vicious circle is formed from which people cannot escape. Rather more and more fall into these precarious work conditions. The issue of human trafficking needs to be addressed p roperly by governments that want to break people out from the vicious cycle of human trafficking. ... The paper, therefore, looks at the reasons in a lot of detail. In order to understand them, however, it is important to fully comprehend the definition and forms of human trafficking. Definition Human Trafficking, according to Jordan (2002), is the movement of humans within or across borders by the use of inappropriate means, like fraud and force, so that they can be forced into labor, slavery, and servitude. So, human trafficking is an illicit trade whereby human beings are ‘sold’ for the purpose of commercial promotion or slavery. To be more precise, however, the definition provided by the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime and adopted by the UN General Assembly on 15 November 2000, according to Bakirci (2009), is as follows. ‘[. . .] recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of dishonesty, of the misuse of power or of a situation of susceptibility or of the taking or getting of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’ Hence trafficking, according to the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, includes at the very least either some form of sexual exploitation or labor exploitation. It is very important to state here, as Bakirci (2009) relates that human trafficking does not necessarily require movement. Unlike human smuggling, human trafficking does not need the person to be moved from one way to the other. But, in effect, trafficking means the recruitment and harboring of individuals in the professions that have been discussed in the definition above. So, people can also be trafficked in their homelands, as

Wireless Technologies Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wireless Technologies Proposal - Assignment Example As far as Wi-Fi is concerned, its standards have been established by the IEEE 802.11 (Dubendorf, 2003). This technology has gained much popularity so much so that others such as Bluetooth, IrDA and HomeRF have been deemed obsolete in most cases (Davis, 2004). Wi-Fi offers coverage of up to 50 meters and offers a speed of 7Mbps which is nearly 10 times that of Bluetooth (Dubendorf, 2003). In your company the presence of Wi-Fi would mean that there is no need to purchase equipment for connection of access points, thus saving capital costs. It has been proven that Wi-Fi offers businesses the advantages of enhanced efficiency due to speedier transfer of information between stakeholders, enhanced coverage due to on-the-move connectivity, flexibility in terms of working from home due to wireless links with the business’s database, as well as new product opportunities due to ‘hot spot’ networking (Davis, 2004). However, as is the case with most technologies, Wi-Fi is als o accompanied by its drawbacks. For instance, it is highly susceptible to security attacks by unauthorized users. There may also be issues with installation such as the interference caused by other users of radio signals within the same facility (Firestone, 2008). There may also be certain areas called ‘black spots’ where Wi-Fi offers no connectivity, hence, it is difficult to have consistent signals (Davis, 2004). Finally, your company may also have to bear in mind that Wi-Fi offers a speed lower than that of networks that are wired; hence, the ‘main’ system ought to be wired rather than wireless (Davis, 2004). As far as Bluetooth is concerned, it can be used by Party Plates to allow seamless connection of Bluetooth enabled devices including printers, scanners, cell phones, headsets, computers and keyboards within a range of 10 meters (Dubendorf, 2003). The most obvious advantage of this would be the freeing up of floor space as cables will be eliminated.

Sports Sociology from a feminist point of view

Sports Sociology from a feminist point of view Women participation in sports has a history marked by division and inequity. However, women have experiences major accomplishments by female athletes helping to make significant progress for gender equality and the empowerment of women. The essay will explain some of the historical developments with reference to different theoretical perspective of feminism such as liberal, radical and socialist feminisms. It will also critically discuss feminisms and how female are exploited by patriarchy society. Feminism is a dynamic, diverse and often conflicting collection of social theories and moral philosophies (Burke, 2008). It is similar to Marxism because both are political theories that were develop to solve the inequality, exploitation and poverty in society. While Marxism is largely motivated by the struggle of social class, feminism focuses on the experiences of women, particularly in terms of their political, social and economical inequalities. One prospective of feminism focuses on seeking no particular privileges but merely demand that everyone receive equal political, economical and social consideration without discrimination on the basis of sex (Adkins, 2004). Another opposing type of modern feminism, opposes existing political and social institution in general because its tied to a male dominated society. Thus, feminism has no single, universal form that represents all feminists. The rise of feminism movement can be divided into three waves. The first wave began in the late 1800s to early 1900s referring mainly to the statue of women in family and allowing womens right to vote known as the suffrage movement. The second wave refers to the action of the womens liberation movement beginning in the early 1950s which campaigned for social and legal equality for women. The third wave feminism began in the 1990s and embraced conflict, contradictions and accommodated diversity and change. Waves of Feminism The waves of feminism are a historical progression in each waves has bringing a swelling of momentum that carried women closer to equality in society. The early movement has come to known as the first wave which was established in United States and United Kingdom around the late 1800s to early 1900s. They major concerned was to help promote women equality in education, employment and property rights. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, many feminist such as Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone fought to gain more political power for women; particularly the right of womens suffrage. Woman did have success as a result of the 1st World War occur meaning women replaced men in civilian work-force and also served in the military support roles. Feminist also had significant success in reforms in education, and broadening access to different profession and in healthcare. It is considered that the first-wave came to end when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed enabli ng women the right to vote (Lee Ling, 2001). The progression of first-wave feminism was significant; however, without the continuation of the second-wave, feminisms would not be as advance as it is in current times (can u think of another way can say that), for each wave is interrelated and dependent on each others history. In the early 1960s Second Wave of feminism emerged. Second-wave focuses was broader than the first-wave. It was concerned on inequalities such as the economic freedom, the rights for female to have abortion, equal and accessibility to certain male dominated institution such as sports. It also began to challenge the domination of patriarchy society and gender inequality in all aspects. In 1963 A Feminist named Betty Friedan publicised a landmark book called The Feminine Mystique. This book would be a pivotal moment in the history of second wave feminism. The book give an insight on how upper to middle class women felt discontented about their restricted opportunity in life (Changfoot, 2002). Friedan soon became one of the leading feminist in the Second wave, and eventually helped establish the National Organization for Women, whose purpose was to promote gender equality and to protect and support women rights. Perhaps one of the biggest achievements of Second Wave Feminism was in the United States by the passage of Title IX (Ackerly Attanasi, 2006). This enabled women to have access to education, particularly in university and professional schools. In addition, the work of these feminists allow employment opportunities that before had been confined to men accessible to women. The Third Wave of feminism that emerged in the 1990s and is still current to this day. Like all feminism, the third wave focuses on the social, economic, political and personal empowerment of women, but this differ to pervious waves because it concerns were more on the individual empowerment of women and less on activism. Ferguson (2002) commented on the third wave as a new direction for feminism to celebrates womens voyage to build meaningful identities in a complex contemporary world (p2). Third wave feminists celebrate diversity unlike previous waves and the Womens Liberation Movement; it was often criticized for focusing too narrowly on the events of middle-class, Caucasian and heterosexual women. Third wave feminists do not reject political activism, but the emphasis relies more on women personal empowerment as an initial point for societal change. Zinn and Dill (2005) propose there are multiple systems of domination that create inequality for women known as a matrix of dominati on. Feminist theories Feminism is not a unified or a simple philosophy. Many women and man consider themselves feminists; most of their ideology may vary considerably. The feminist theories aim to understand the nature of gender inequality, promoting womens rights, while generally providing a critique of social relations. This essay will focus on looking a liberal, socialist and radical feminism. Liberal feminism is characterized on the emphasis of wanting both genders to be equal within society. According to the theory, society itself does not need a major revolution, but rather propose that laws need to be changed and opportunities which enable more accessibly for women to become equal in society. To a liberal feminist, evidence of progress occurs when a number of women gain more positions previous occupied by men, particularly high end positions. In the United Kingdom and the major of the Western world, liberal feminism is the most common form of feminism. Gale, (2009) argues that even if women are no longer reliant upon men, they will still need to be governed by a patriarchal state. Radical Feminist argues institutional changes such as the introduction of womens suffrage are inadequate to emancipate women. In contrast socialist feminism emphasizes that equality for women will not be achieve without a significant change within society mainly economic change also socialist feminists focus on collective change and empowerment. Similar to Marxism, socialist feminists argue that there are basic inequalities built in to a capitalist society because capital and power are shared unequally. Thus, it not sufficient enough for women to achieve powerful positions in society, but power and capital need to be distributed equally (Fleck, 2004). Critic argues that socialist feminism neither is revolutionary nor radical enough to generate a solution to the difficulty for women economic and social exploitation. Another argument is not all male and female relationships are characterised by exploitation and oppression. Radical feminism is focuses on patriarchy and the system of power that organizes society. It is similar to socialist feminism in the sense that it emphasizes the need for severe social change for women to truly have equality. Radical feminists believe that society is very largely patriarchal, and as a result founds that women are oppressed. A criticism for radical feminism is it focuses much on the patriarchy society and need to consider the concepts such as ethnicity, religion and social class. Another criticism is reverse discrimination when women pushed unfairly into senior position. Feminism in sports Womens participation in sports has risen significantly in the twentieth century, particularly in the last quarter. It this partly due to the changes in modern societies that encourage gender parity. While the level of participation and performance still alters depending on the country and by sport. Although there has been many improvement in the accessibility in sport many feminist argue, that sports has been socially constructed hyper masculine, thus it has been more limited to men. Vale, (1998) found evidence to support this by looking at the incredible resistance to included women in certain mens institutions. Augusta National is the golf club which is also home to the Masters Tournament which does not allow women members to join. When women have tried to join the club or have made protest outside the parameter, the reaction from the club has boarded on hostility. As a results Vale, (1996) question if sport is so beneficial for men, why do men and institution, hold such resistant to offer all that is good in sport to women. Radical feminism have criticised the patriarchy society on how they portray women in sports. For example Sports Illustrated portrays women by presents demeaning stereotypes of female sexuality, encouraging men to view women as sex objects and by turning voyeurism into a sport.

“Meditation 17” by John Donne Essay

In â€Å"Meditation 17† by John Donne, Donne uses many different methods of trying to get his message out. By using metaphors, images, and paradoxes Donne gets his message out but in a perplexing way. In order to understand what Donne is saying, this passage must read over and analyzed sentence by sentence to really see the true meaning of the excerpt. Donne uses a book as a metaphor, with man as a chapter for every part of the book and God is the author. Donne believes God controls everything and everything happens for a reason. Donne then states, â€Å"God employs several translators; some pieces are translated by age, some by sickness, some by war, some by justice; but God’s hand is in every translation.† The translations of age, sickness, war, and justice are all things that can cause death. In that case, these elements can translate human beings into spirits of heaven or to anywhere else God chooses to send them. One of the most popular metaphors Donne uses is â€Å"No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.† Here Donne is trying to say that one person cannot stand-alone. Human beings need each other for survival and support. Donne then starts to talk about the death bell. He says whenever the bell tolls it is tolling for more than the one person who has died but it also is tolling for those who have been left behind to grieve over the death. Also in order to get the message across Donne uses a paradox by saying, â€Å"For affliction is a treasure.† This is a paradox because generally when you think of a treasure you don’t think of it hurting you but you think of it making you wealthy or better off but instead he uses treasure as a source of suffering. But suffering is a treasure because it can teach you things, since you suffer from mistakes; you learn from them and don’t make the same mistake twice. By saying this Donne makes suffering sometimes seem like a  good thing to have in your life. Imagery is another device used to get Donne’s message across. â€Å"One chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a better language; and every chapter must be so translated† This is an image for the reason that he is presenting mankind and the death of mankind like a book. He is saying when a man dies he is not ripped away from society and forgotten but just thought of differently and every man dies (translated) in a different way although some may seem to be the same such as too people may have cancer yet it is still different because God has a unique death (translation) made out for each and every person. By using many different methods John Donne gets his message across in a complicated way that seems to draw the readers into his writing. By breaking down the passage it can be smoothly translated into an easy to read text. Not only does this make it enjoyable to read but also it has given people something to read for years and most defiantly will in the years to come.

Coherence and Cohesion

COHERENCE AND COHESION ========================================================== Abstract This paper discusses that a meaningful English text is always coherent. Also, the role of cohesion in a coherent English text is discussed in the light of literature. In order to further understand the significance of cohesion in discourse, we have analysed two English texts; a poem, ‘Daffodils' by William Wordsworth and an advertisement from a UK website gumtree. co. uk. A report is then developed on the textual analysis, which discusses that different genres have different elements that bring coherence.However, it is noticed that lexical cohesion forms strong cohesive ties and bring coherence in case of both the texts analysed. The paper argues that although cohesion is an important aspect of developing a coherent text, yet coherence is also possible without cohesion. Key words: Coherence, Cohesion, Text, Discourse, Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION The focus of this paper is to review the conce pt of coherence and the importance of cohesion in coherent texts. Coherence and cohesion are important aspects of language structure and knowledge of the usage of the two devices is essential for the scholars who write in English.Therefore, this paper has special significance for the readership of this journal as this paper helps understand the two concepts through their application. It tries to make the concepts interesting and easily grasped by the South Asian readers, through textual analysis of two simple texts. The paper also brings forth the importance of some other devices, apart from cohesion, in developing a coherent English text; these are also investigated in the sections discussing coherence. Firstly, we will introduce the terms cohesion and coherence as used in discourse analysis.Coherence is the device which identifies a text (a passage that forms a unified whole), spoken or written, in any language. On the other hand, cohesion is only one of the various elements which help forming coherent discourse. Cohesion provides relationship between different items of discourse in a text. Coherence is a semantic relation, so is cohesion. Coherence is possible when cohesive devices, grammatical and lexical, combine to give meaning to the text by connecting it to a social context. Most importantly, a coherent text can be found without any cohesive ties used.In the following sections, we will be discussing scholarly view on the two terms in some detail. We will then consider and clarify our position with regard to cohesion and its role in the coherent text. Later in this paper, we will be analysing the coherence (including, of course, the cohesion) in two pieces of discourse. The report on the comparison between the two analyses will follow. Finally, we will summarize the entire argument in the conclusion. 2. COHERENCE Every unified piece of discourse is a coherent set of sentences.Davies (2005) explains the idea of a text when she says, â€Å"not all sequen ces of sentences form texts- they have to be coherent sequences†. Thus she marks coherence as an identity of a text. Halliday and Hassan (1976) followed by McCarthy (1991) and Paltridge (2006) used the term texture or textuality for coherence. Paltridge (2006) writes that the texture of a text can be obtained where various items are tied together to provide meaning to the text which in turn relate to the social context in which the text occurs. Hassan (1989:71; cited in Paltridge, 2006:130) describes texture as ‘a matter of meaning relations’.Brown and Yule (1983) explain that in a coherent text the meaning is clear and the various fragments of the text seem connected either with or without cohesive devices. Hatch (1992) defines that the textual coherences can be obtained only if the communication system, the social norms and restrictions, language scripts for particular speech acts, suitable for particular speech events are all considered carefully. Thus, Brown a nd Yule (1983) and Hatch (1992) clearly mention that, apart from cohesive ties, there are other elements involved in obtaining coherence.The various elements (excluding cohesion) involved in a coherent text, as noted by discourse analysts, include, context, schema, subtext and exophoric reference. Every text has a context, says Paltridge (2006). He finds that a context of the situation is essential to understand what is meant by what is said. He includes physical and social context and the mental world of the people involved in a discourse to be crucial in interpreting and understanding the meaning. McCarthy (1991) discusses the role of context but he warns about mixing it with co-text (the text surrounding a lexical item), which he mentions to be only a part of the roader term, ‘context’. Hatch (1992), however, discusses context under the heading of deixis. Deixis, according to him, are ‘linguistic markers that have a pointing function in a given discourse contex t’. He, thus, discusses that person, spatial, temporal, discourse and social deixis describe the context of a text. Davies (2005) also mentions the role of context and subtext (reading between the lines) as important to the coherence of any text. McCarthy (1991:168) describes schema as ‘the role of background knowledge’ in understanding the text.According to him, schemata involve two kinds of knowledge; the knowledge of the world (content schemata) and the knowledge of the different forms of the text (formal schemata). Some scholars including Halliday and Hassan (1976) include exophoric reference in the cohesive device of reference; I have also discussed it there. 3. COHESION Halliday and Hassan (1976) were the first significant writers on the subject (cohesion). They drew the attention towards the importance of cohesion which, for them, refers to ‘the range of possibilities that exist from linking something with what has gone before’.Halliday and Ha ssan continue that one of the items in the cohesive pair cannot be completely and effectively understood without consulting the other and both of these form important part of the text. Most other writers on the subject then explained the term following Halliday and Hassan. Zamel (1983) finds the role of the cohesive devices to be crucial as they can turn separate expression into a unified whole by developing relationships between those separate expression. Cook (1989) defines cohesive devices as formal links between sentences and clauses.Dubin and Olshtain (1980:356; cited in Zamel, 1983) remark, ‘The most important characteristic of cohesion is the fact that it does not constitute a class of items but rather a set of relations'. A similar, rather more comprehensive view, is given by Halliday and Hassan that cohesion is a semantic relation and therefore, is independent of grammatical structure, for example, sentence boundaries etc. To this, Steffensen (1986) added that the int ersentential ties are more important than the intrasentential ties.The reason behind this is, of course, that there are no other structural relations present between sentences, as are present within a sentence. Halliday and Hassan have explained this idea, before Steffensen, as; the cohesive ties between sentences are more noticeable than those within a sentence because in a sentence there are other sources of texture as well. 3. 1 Various Cohesive Devices Halliday and Hassan (1976) discuss Cohesion under five heads, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.But according to them, cohesion can be broadly classified as grammatical (reference, substitution, ellipsis) and lexical (reiteration, collocation). Halliday and Hassan keep conjunction on the borderline of the grammatical and lexical cohesion with the greater tilt on the grammatical side. Similar views are shared by Steffensen (1986), Hatch (1992:223) and Paltridge (2006:130). Following Halliday and Ha ssan, we will also be reviewing literature under the same five heads. Reference, in the words of Paltridge (2006), is the identity that an item of discourse reclaims through another item within or without the text.Referencing device, as noted by Cook (1989), usually, forms a chain that links the expressions through the text. He exemplifies this as, Pineapple†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. it†¦. Halliday and Hassan (1976) also present a similar definition with a further explanation that when one item of the language appears second time in the discourse that is the continuity of reference. Salkie (1995) explains referents (‘it’ in the above example) as the words which do not have a complete meaning on their own, they always refer to something. Considering the same, Brown and Yule (1983) suggest the term co-reference for reference.Salkie (1995), as well as Hatch (1992), agree with Halliday and Hass an over the three types of cohesive references i. e. personal, demonstrative and comparative references. Apart from this, Halliday and Hassan remark that when the interpretation for the references is present in the text, it is called an endophoric reference, and when the interpretation lies outside the text, it is an exophoric reference. Halliday and Hassan further divide endophoric reference into anaphoric reference (looks back into the text) and cataphoric reference (looks forward into the text).Brown and Yule (1983) agree with Halliday and Hassan in their description of these terms. McCarthy (1991), however, discards exophoric referents as truly cohesive because they are not the internal part of the text. While Halliday and Hassan explain that they play a role in the understanding of the text so they are cohesive. On the contrary, Paltridge (2006) introduces another reference pattern too, that is, homophoric reference, for items which recover their identity through cultural knowl edge. Substitution, simply, is ‘the replacement of one item by another’ remark Halliday and Hassan (1976).They find substitution to be a cohesive relation between wordings and not between the meanings, as is reference. Hatch (1992) notes that Levinson (1983) claims substitutions to be deictic markers. But Hatch agrees with Halliday and Hassan that the substitution and the group of words substituted form a cohesive tie. Salkie (1995) notifies that only some specific words can be used for the purpose of substitution. And Halliday and Hassan (1976) present the following list of substitutes: Nominal: one, ones; same Verbal: do Clausal: so, notIn addition, Halliday and Hassan also observe that sometimes substitution, also, borders with lexical cohesion, that is where words like ‘thing’ are used for the cohesive purposes. Substitutions thus hold very important cohesive function, as Cook (1989) mentions that the brief forms of the sentences with substitutions are more authentic than the longer sentences without substitutions. Ellipsis, the third type of cohesive marker, as named by Hatch (1992), is a zero tie. Halliday and Hassan (1976) call it substitution by zero.Actually there is no tie in ellipsis and nothing substitutes but of course, like substitution, here too, something is left unsaid. Salkie (1995) makes it clear that every unsaid or left out expression cannot be considered an example of ellipsis. On the contrary, he writes, ellipsis is a gap or unsaid information that is known to the listener/reader of the text already, as it refers back to something already said. Cook (1989) shares a similar view with Salkie when Cook says that we can omit only when we are sure that the meaning can be understood without it.McCarthy (1991) also holds the same idea and he adds to it by mentioning that ellipsis is completely ‘a speaker choice made on a pragmatic assessment of the situation, not a compulsory feature when two clauses are joined t ogether’. McCarthy (1991) notes that, in English, substitution and ellipsis are similar as the former like the latter operates on nominal, verbal and clausal level. This view is shared by Halliday and Hassan (1976), Hatch (1992) and Salkie (1995). Conjunctions can be defined best in the words ofCook (1989) as, the words which draw attention towards the relationships between sentences, clauses and words. McCarthy (1991) places conjunction among the grammatical cohesive devices, despite accepting it to be different from reference, substitution and ellipsis. He says, though it does refer to something backward or forward in the text, it still provides a relationship between the fragments of the language. A similar view is shared by Halliday and Hassan (1976) that conjunctive ties are ‘cohesive not in themselves’, but by their meaning, they point at other elements in the discourse.However, unlike McCarthy, Halliday and Hassan, followed by Steffensen (1986), Hatch (199 2) and Paltridge (2006), do not believe conjunctions to be completely grammatical. Halliday and Hassan (1976) observe that conjunctions can be classified in different ways, focusing different aspects. They, then, present additive, adversative, causal and temporal as four, commonly accepted, types of conjunctive relation. Hatch (1992) also presents the similar distribution. Martin and Rose (2003; cited in Paltridge, 2006:139) use the term consequential for causal.Although Salkie (1995) also gives the same four types of conjunction, yet he uses different terminology; he calls them addition connectives, opposition connectives, cause connectives and time connectives. Besides, he uses the term connective for conjunction. Lexical cohesion is a relationship between vocabulary items in the text. In the words of Paltridge (2006:133), â€Å"Lexical cohesion refers to relationships in meaning between lexical items in a text and, in particular, content words and the relationship between themâ € .Hatch (1992) notes that some lexical ties are long, as they are spread over larger pieces of discourse, and others are short. Reiteration and collocation are marked as two major types of lexical cohesion by Halliday and Hassan (1976). McCarthy (1991), however, does not seem to be convinced by Halliday and Hassan’s inclusion of collocation among the devices of lexical cohesion. He does not find that collocation can present a semantic relation between various items of discourse as other cohesive markers do. Unlike McCarthy, Hatch (1992) finds collocation to be an important element for building text cohesion.So does Paltridge (2006), who says, that expert writers of the language know which items can collocate. Lexical collocation, grammatical collocation and idiomatic collocation are found in discourse. McCarthy (1991) defines reiteration as restating a word (or a phrase) by either direct repetition or using the lexical relations for that word (for example, synonyms, anton yms, hypernyms, meronyms etc). Salkie (1995) explains that the repetition of the content words brings cohesion; what he says of repetition is true for all the lexical devices.Making a decision regarding the usage of various lexical items is only a matter of understanding the importance of different lexical relations. McCarthy (1991) observes that the speaker/writer has to decide whether to repeat, or use a synonym or a super ordinate etc, because discourse analysts have not yet given any satisfactory rules for that. 3. 2 Relation between Coherence and Cohesion Halliday and Hassan (1976) refer to cohesion as being a source of coherence. But Carrell (1982) strongly disagrees with them on that view. She finds cohesion to be nothing more than a result of coherence.Carrell quotes Morgan and Sellner (1980) who also find Halliday and Hassan to be mistaking. Morgan and Sellner explain that when Halliday and Hassan are mentioning that a referent refers back or forth to something in the text, it is not something in the text actually but something in the context, from which the reader and the hearer understands what the speaker/writer is talking about. Carrell herself is also supporting the idea by Morgan and Sellner and believes it to be the content and not the cohesion between the expressions which bring coherence to the text.In the commonly quoted example by Halliday and Hassan: Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. Carrell finds that them in the second sentence does not refer to the apples in the first sentence but some real world apples. Brown and Yule (1983) present a more convincing argument against Halliday and Hassan that the apples, in the first sentence, are as they were brought from the market while those in the second sentence are washed and cored apples and therefore not the same as in the first sentence.They argued similarly for the other cohesive devices like substitution and ellipsis. Brown and Yule (1983) observe that some pi eces of discourse, can be said to be unconnected due to lack of cohesive devices, but they still form coherent text (for example; advertisements, brochures etc) because different genres of discourse have different criteria of coherence. Where Carrell fully ignores the importance of cohesion in coherence, Brown and Yule at least agree that different genres of text demand different criteria of coherence.Hatch (1992) sounds more acceptable, when he says that the knowledge of script, speech events and rhetorical organisation usually results in a coherent text but sometimes, we need to make use of cohesive ties and deictic markers to guide the listener/reader through the text. The formal links (cohesive devices), according to Cook (1989) also, are not enough or necessary for a text. He means to say that there can be a text without them and there can even be an incoherent piece with them. He as well as Salkie (1995) holds the understanding of the context as more important.Davies (2005) cl arifies all the misconceptions, â€Å"coherence does not have to depend on logical internal links and familiar patterns of organisation- it also has a lot to do with how we interpret the language we read or hear†. To conclude, the argument let us quote McCarthy (1991) who says, all discourse markers including cohesive markers are concerned with the text on the surface level. He, like Davies, marks that the interpretation is the key that the listener/reader uses to understand what the speaker/writer has tried to say by utilising both above and below the surface available devices.Therefore, cohesion is not a criterion for coherence yet it is an important element in some genres of discourse. 4. TEXT ANALYSIS After reviewing the scholars on coherence, cohesion, cohesive devices and relation between coherence and cohesion, we are, now, turning to analyse two written texts; the poem ‘Daffodils’ by William Wordsworth (see Appendix-A for the original text) and a job adve rtisement that we found on www. gumtree. co. uk (see Appendix-B for the original text).After this, we will present the report on whether cohesion is required or just the context, schema, sub-text and exophoric reference are enough for coherence in these two genres of discourse. 4. 1 Analysis of the Poem ‘Daffodils’ Firstly, we are going to analyse the poem, from the different perspectives of coherence. We will start with the context. 4. 1. 1 Context The very first word ‘I’ tells us that the speaker or the poet is sharing a personal experience. ‘Wandered’, being the second form of the verb, clears that the incident that is quoted in the poem has ended.It is one of the experiences of the poet when he saw a beautiful scene and now he is describing the scene and is discussing the pleasure it has been giving him since the time he has first seen it. The text belongs to the place where there is a lake, there are trees and most importantly, there are d affodils. Thus the poet is recollecting his memory of a beautiful outdoor scene when he was caught by the sight of golden daffodils. The poet mentions that he was alone at that time. The beauty of the scene has been deep-rooted in the memory of the poet.The memory of the flowers works as an effective tranquiliser at the time when the poet is worried or sad. Coherence, here, operates the relationship of a poet to the natural world of beauty. It exemplifies how a poet, who is alone (no other human being around), is enjoying the company of the flowers and can enjoy that of other objects of nature. He is enjoying the beauty even when he is away from it and even when he feels sad, may be due to the problems of the material world. 4. 1. 2 SchemaIt is sure since the beginning that the poet is somewhere outside his home because it is very unlikely that somebody moves around in his house and say â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud. † It is also unlikely that the poet is in the market o r some other busy area and claim to be wandering like a cloud because the schemata, in both the mentioned situations, would have suggested some different social norms. Therefore, from the beginning the reader starts to interpret that the poet is alone in some lonely place. 4. 1. 3 SubtextOne can judge that it is the day time that is why the poet can see so many daffodils, which are spread along the bank of the river. Besides, he mentions â€Å"the waves besides them danced†, which can be noticed only during the day time. In dark one can see waves only if they are harsh and roaring, which can of course never attract the calm and peaceful nature of a poet. And since it is breezy, it can be the morning time, not the noon, afternoon or evening. The pleasantness of the weather can easily be found from the mood of the poet. It seems as if it is some breezy summer morning. Oft† notifies that the poet also feels sad and empty at times, he also has worries of life like other hum an beings. But then unlike an ordinary man, these flowers come to the rescue of the poet from the worries of the world. 4. 1. 4 Exophoric Reference There is some exophoric knowledge of the concept of â€Å"inward eye† required. The poet assumes the reader, who will be decoding the text of the poem, must already be aware with this schema. After context, schema, sub-text and exophoric reference, now, I will analyse the role of various cohesive ties in bringing the coherence to the poem.First of all, we are going to for the referential cohesion. 4. 1. 5 Referential Cohesion The pronominal references, running through the text, have anaphoric links and they were all endophoric except the exophoric reference â€Å"that inward eye† (discussed earlier). Pronominal cohesion depends largely on the anaphoric link to the first word of the text I (I, I, me, my, I). Amongst the other anaphoric personal references there is a cohesive chain of â€Å"they† and â€Å"them† (used for Daffodils) throughout the poem.The pronoun â€Å"that† is used for the word cloud in the first stanza and for the word stars in the second. Also, â€Å"which† in the last stanza is pronominal and is used for inward eye. There is an example of demonstrative cohesion also i. e. â€Å"my† in the phrase my heart. Comparative reference plays a part in introducing the situation in the first line of the poem, I wandered lonely as a cloud in which there is a comparison drawn between the poet and the cloud. Comparative reference is also present in the following line where daffodils are compared with stars, Continuous as the stars that shineThere is a single example of nominal substitution through the words the show, which refers to the dancing daffodils and their company (the waves etc). Clausal ellipsis is found in following three examples: ______ fluttering and dancing _____tossing their heads, a poet could not______ but ______be gay ______continuous as star s that shine While nominal ellipsis is clear in these three: And _______twinkle on the milky way Ten thousand ______ saw I at a glance And ______dances with the daffodils 4. 1. 6 Conjunction The poem contains some variety of conjunction also.Additive Conjunctions â€Å"and†, â€Å"or†, adversative conjunction â€Å"but† and temporal conjunctions â€Å"oft†, â€Å"then† are found in the text. 4. 1. 7 Lexical Cohesion Throughout the poem, I can see words like â€Å"twinkle†, â€Å"sprightly†, â€Å"sparkle† spread which form a sense group, such reiteration shows that the situation in the poem is lively, excited and pleasure-giving. Synonymy is present among the words â€Å"crowd† and â€Å"host† (both in the first stanza) as the terms are contextual synonyms. So is the case with â€Å"shine† and â€Å"twinkle† (both in the second stanza), and â€Å"lake† (in the first stanza) and â€Å"bay† (in the second stanza).Other sense group is formed by â€Å"fluttering†, â€Å"dancing† and â€Å"tossing their heads†. A small chain of words related to the notion of happiness is spread around the third stanza â€Å"glee†, â€Å"gay†, â€Å"jocund†. Repetition is found through the forms of the word â€Å"dance† (dancing, dance, danced, dances). The words â€Å"gazed† is repeated twice. A number of lexical collocations (contextually appropriate) can be found, for example: â€Å"over valleys and hills†, â€Å"never-ending line†, â€Å"beside the lake†, â€Å"beneath the trees†, â€Å"at a glance†.Whereas â€Å"out did† and â€Å"flash upon† are grammatical collocations present within the text. The analysis of this text shows that besides other devices of coherence, cohesion also plays an important role in bringing the coherence to the text. We cannot think of the above poem wi thout the cohesive ties. 4. 2 Analysis of the Advertisement Now we are going to analyse the second text which is a job advertisement (see Appendix-B). Here too we start with the analysis with the context. 4. 2. 1 ContextThe first line suggests that it is something related to the business but it is only in the fourth line that one realises that it is an advertisement for the post of â€Å"Business development support†. And even in the next line, the reader comes to know that it is a job advertised by â€Å"Metro Safety†. â€Å"We† in the new paragraph shows the management of Metro Safety or the company has advertised this job. The second line mentions the date on which the advertisement is posted so it clarifies whether it is old or new. And the name of the company and the location of the office present the place of work.The objectives for the job and the mentioned requirements clear who can apply for the advertisement. Therefore the context is clear after readin g the whole of it that it is a job opportunity for all those who have the required experience etc. The ‘how to do the follow up? ’ part is made clear by the last sentence which guides how to apply. 4. 2. 2 Schema By the opening of the text we start to recognise the schema. It is without doubt an advertisement which is written to attract professionals. Just in the beginning schema provide the strong suggestion for the post, the salary and location of the work.The text is schematically clear and therefore it does not bring any possible alternative schemata into question. 4. 2. 3 Subtext We realise that it is not a regular text but an advertisement. Since the advertisement is posted on the mentioned date therefore the job seeker can apply within few days of it. Though it is not mentioned yet the job is provided on the first come basis, because there is no specific date for interviews, etc, mentioned, therefore whoever will be the first to fulfil the criteria will be given the job.The job seeker must be a resident of London, and in case of a city like London, he must be living somewhere around Waterloo. 4. 2. 4 Exophoric Reference â€Å"Friday, 6th June† is mentioned in the advertisement; the reader should have the exophoric knowledge of which year’s 6th June is the advertisement about. Besides the reader must know that Waterloo (mentioned in the advertisement as the location of work) is an area in London and not the place of the Battle of Waterloo. Following is the analysis of the second text for cohesive devices. 4. 2. 5 Referential CohesionThe pronominal endophoric references â€Å"we† and â€Å"our† refer to the Metro Safety, the company which has given the advertisement. And â€Å"you† refers to the reader or anyone who is interested in the job. But â€Å"someone† in â€Å"we are looking for someone† is an exophoric reference because it is not the reader or any aspirant for the job who is reading t he advertisement and is going to apply, rather it is someone they are looking for, he can be anyone of the readers or even no one of them. â€Å"This† in â€Å"this role† and â€Å"this position† is a demonstrative reference. Nominal ellipsis is present in the following: lease _____ apply; While clausal ellipsis can be found in the following: and _____ assists Accounts Managers, _____ increase, _____ smooth, _____ to provide, _____ provide Language in India www. languageinindia. com 12 : 5 May 2012 Ambreen Shahriar and Habibullah Pathan Coherence and the Role of Cohesion in Coherent Texts 384 Besides, ellipsis is done through points given in bullets (. ). 4. 2. 6 Conjunction The conjunction â€Å"and† has been used repeatedly in the text. Temporal conjunction â€Å"between† is present in the phrase â€Å"between ? 16,800 and ? 20,160 per annum†.The additive conjunction â€Å"in addition† is also used, and â€Å"+†, in â€Å"+ company bonus† also acts as an additive conjunction. 4. 2. 7 Lexical Cohesion In the text, there is a chain of office related words, â€Å"business†, â€Å"company†, â€Å"bonus†, â€Å"commercial†, â€Å"client†, â€Å"head office†, â€Å"account managers†, â€Å"project managing†, â€Å"service departments†, â€Å"site†, â€Å"administrative supports†, â€Å"management team†, â€Å"customer†. The terms like; â€Å"increase†, â€Å"necessary†, â€Å"high quality†, â€Å"skills†, â€Å"experience†, â€Å"excellent† form a sense group which explains the demands of the employer from the employee.The word â€Å"client† presents an example of repetition and seems to be the key term in the text, it is used four times. The examples of meronymy are spread throughout the text. â€Å"Client†, â€Å"services team†, â€Å"account manag ers†, â€Å"project managing†, â€Å"internal departments†, â€Å"service departments†, â€Å"management team†, â€Å"customer focus†, â€Å"company bonus†; with â€Å"business† as the super ordinate. Besides, â€Å"communication skills (verbal and written)†, â€Å"information gathering and organisational skills†, â€Å"problem solving skills† and â€Å"IT literacy† can be considered as the hypernyms for skills/knowledge.Lexical cohesion can also be witnessed through phrases like, â€Å"health and safety†, â€Å"busy and friendly†, â€Å"new and existing†. There is grammatical collocation of the phrasal verbs like, â€Å"based at†, â€Å"set up† and â€Å"looking for†. Lexical collocations can also be identified within the text, for example: â€Å"head office†, â€Å"account managers†, â€Å"high quality†, â€Å"communicational skillsâ₠¬ , â€Å"organizational skills†, â€Å"problem solving skills†, â€Å"sales team†, â€Å"company bonus†, â€Å"per annum†. After the analyses of the texts, we are going to present the report on them in the next section. . REPORT In the report, firstly, we are going to compare the two texts in accordance with the findings. Though the poet, in the first text, clears the context from the first line, but it can be cleared only after reading the last lines and then pondering over all that is written. Whereas in the advertisement, the context starts to get clearer from the fourth line, when it comes to the offer of salary and one realises that it is a job advertisement, but immediately after that the context is clear and reader does not have to read between the lines.Both the texts are schematically clear yet they are completely different from each other. The writers of the two texts have made greatest efforts to keep the schema clear but in variant st yles and this is what proves a difference in the different genres of writing. There are some elements of the sub-text in both the texts. The readers of both the texts have to read between the lines and understand a few hidden ideas on their own, but the nature of such ideas in both these texts is very different. Some exophoric knowledge is required for complete understanding of each text.Here, also, the exophoric knowledge in case of the poem is of emotional and spiritual nature while in case of the advertisement it is of material and worldly nature. As in the poem, so is in the advertisement, most of the pronominal references were endophoric in nature with anaphoric cohesion. The examples of demonstrative cohesion are rare in both the texts. There seems no example of comparative reference in the advertisement. Unlike this, the comparative cohesive devices are widely used in the analysed poem. As comparative references are usually common in the poetry, so are they here.But they are not welcome in advertisements. The analysis showed that substitution is a rare phenomenon in these types of texts. It does not appear to be common in poetry or advertises. Both of these are the examples of smaller texts but in spite of that substitution is not common in these two. Nominal as well as clausal ellipsis seems to be among the favourites of the two writers (of poem and advertisement). Ellipsis can be considered as a common practice of the writers of such texts. Conjunctions are found evenly spread in both the texts with a greater emphasis on â€Å"and† in both the texts.Few small sense groups are present in the poetry, while two long sense chains are present in the advertisement. Formation of sense groups is an essential quality of an advertisement but not a poem. Repetitions are also found in both the texts which, of course, emphasize the most important word in the text. Synonymy can be found in the poem only. It is a special quality of something literary and it i s used to give music to the meaning of the text. But antonymy is missing in both the texts. Hyponymy and meronymy are absent in the poem by Wordsworth but both are present in the advertisement.This explains the difference between the two types of the text. The poem is a short text which has to say a lot whereas an advertisement is a short text which has to say a little but has to make it completely clear. Lexical and grammatical collocations are present in both the texts but idiomatic collocation is missing. Idiomatic collocation is found in longer pieces of writing, and are uncommon in poetry and advertisements, even otherwise. After comparing the two texts, it can be noticed that since the two belong to different genres, their dependence on the various elements, which are responsible for coherence, is also different.Yet cohesive ties, especially lexical cohesion, form important links which in turn provide coherence to both the texts. 6. CONCLUSION Through this paper, we have discu ssed the terms coherence and cohesion. We mentioned that other elements of discourse, besides cohesion, can also help in the development of a coherent text in English. We also mentioned the varying views of the scholars regarding the importance and role of cohesion in the development of a coherent discourse.We made our point clear by quoting Davies and McCarthy, who note that it mainly depends on the interpretation besides accepting that the importance of cohesion in some genres of discourse is undeniable. Through the analysis of the two texts belonging to two different genres, we tried to explain what brings coherence in each of the selected genres. Then, we presented the report on the analyses. Therefore, cohesion, of course, is not the only source of bringing coherence to a text yet it is one of the important aspects of coherence. ============================================================= ReferencesBrown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: CUP. Carrell, P. L. 1982. ‘Cohesion is not coherence,’ TESOL Quarterly 16(4): 479-88. Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: OUP. Davies, D. 2005. Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction. 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